Linux for Beginners: Linux Basics

An Introduction to the Linux Operating System and Command Line.
Linux is available in a range of different distributions that are tailored to the needs and skill of their users. Simple distributions, like openSUSE, are great for personal computing, while Linux Ubuntu is ideal for network admins and computer scientists.
Linux has a somewhat inaccurate reputation as being a much more technical and complex alternative to mainstay operating systems like Windows and MacOS. In reality, Linux is an approachable, open-source, and customizable OS that’s designed to address huge deficiencies in commercial operating systems.

Just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS, Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the most popular platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux operating system.

What is Linux and why should I use it?
Linux is an operating system (OS), which is the primary software that a computer uses to execute tasks and communicate directions to its hardware. The operating system that competes the most with Linux is Windows. Linux is a popular and widely-used OS because it is open-source, meaning that it is free to the public, and anyone can modify and customize Linux software as they wish. The reasons to use Linux can vary from developing an app or building a video game to learning how to hack computer systems. As Linux is one of the most popular operating systems, many developers use it to develop their web applications and software programs. This means knowledge of Linux is important for anyone working with computers and software in general. Learning how to work with Linux is a necessary skill for anyone pursuing a career in ethical hacking or penetration testing

Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user. From new users to hard-core users, you’ll find a “flavor” of Linux to match your needs. These versions are called distributions (or, in the short form, “distros”). Nearly every distribution of Linux can be downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive), and installed (on as many machines as you like).

Why do hackers use Linux?
Both ethical (white hat) hackers and malicious (black hat) hackers often prefer to use the Linux operating system (OS) over Windows OS. The biggest reason hackers turn to Linux is because it is far more accessible to a wider range of people than Windows OS offers. Linux is free, open-source, and provides a well-integrated command-line interface for users to customize the OS. This means anyone can modify Linux to create their own programs and software. Malicious hackers often opt for Linux because it gives them more control when using Linux, and ethical hackers need to be well-versed in Linux because it’s so popular among black hat hackers. Ethical hackers also often prefer using Linux as it has better existing security measures than Windows and doesn’t usually require third-party antivirus software.

FAQ regarding Linux
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How long will it take to learn Linux and how can I teach it to myself?
The time it takes to learn Linux can vary, depending on whether you have existing background knowledge of other operating systems and how deep of an understanding you want to gain. For beginners learning Linux to pursue a career in IT or software administration, you may only need a basic understanding of how to navigate and execute functions using Linux and how applications built on Linux behave. If you plan to become an ethical hacker, or pentester, you may need a more in-depth knowledge of Linux security procedures and a skill in manipulating Linux programs. You can learn Linux on your own time by seeking out video tutorials and online courses. There are plenty of courses available on Udemy that teach the fundamentals of Linux and more advanced Linux skills.

Download VirtualBox. Here you will find how can you download VirtualBox.

What careers use Linux?
Many jobs in IT, software development, and cybersecurity rely on Linux skills and expertise. A career in app development generally requires a deep understanding of Linux, as many app developers use Linux as a basis for their applications. Software-focused career paths that frequently use Linux include developer and software engineering roles for Python, Java, and Linux systems. Nearly any role in cybersecurity, such as a penetration tester or ethical hacker, requires a strong knowledge of Linux. With Linux expertise and skills, you could work as a system administrator, IT professional, system architect, or database administrator. You may even work in website development, maintenance, or security, as people in those roles build a majority of their web applications on Linux.

VirtualBox pre-built images. Allowing for a Kali install without altering the host OS with additional features such as snapshots. Vagrant images for quick spin-up is also available.

What is the core of the Linux operating system?
The core component of any operating system is called the kernel. Linux’s core is simply referred to as the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a single program that manages crucial tasks such as allocating memory, communicating software functions to the computer’s CPU, and comprehending all of the input and output from the computer’s hardware. The kernel is the most important part of an OS and often runs in a separate area from the rest of a computer’s software. The kernel is just one part of a full operating system, which includes a combination of components such as the bootloader, init system, graphical server, desktop environment, and more. The name “Linux” can refer to both the kernel itself (the Linux kernel) and an operating system built around that kernel. For example, the Android OS and the Ubuntu distribution are both made using the Linux kernel.

VirtualBox pre-built images. Allowing for a Kali install without altering the host OS with additional features such as snapshots. Vagrant images for quick spin-up is also available.

What are the best Linux distributions for beginners?
There is a wide range of Linux distributions to choose from when learning and working with Linux. When you are first learning Linux, the distribution you choose to learn may depend on how you plan to apply your Linux skills. If you are pursuing a career in cybersecurity, you may select a different Linux distribution to start with than someone pursuing a career in game development, for instance. Online courses are some of the best resources for beginners to Linux, as they will give guidance on which Linux distribution is a good fit for the intended application of Linux. For beginners, a few of the most highly recommended Linux distributions include Elementary OS, Ubuntu Linux, and Ubuntu Budgie. Other distributions that are considered easy to learn and master are Linux Mint, Zorin OS, Nitrux, Kodachi, Rescatux, and Parrot Security.

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Every OS has component parts, and the Linux OS also has the following components parts:

• Bootloader. Your computer needs to go through a startup sequence called booting. ...

• OS Kernel. ...

• Background services. ...

• OS Shell. ...

• Graphics server. ...

• Desktop environment. ...

• Applications.

The shell is an interactive interface that allows users to execute other commands and utilities in Linux and other UNIX-based operating systems. Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

In short, if the screen shows a dollar sign ($) or hash (#) on the left of the blinking cursor, you are in a command-line environment.

$, #, % symbols indicate the user account type you are logged in to.

• The dollar sign ($) means you are a normal user.

• hash (#) means you are the system administrator (root).

• In the C shell, the prompt ends with a percentage sign (%).

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The desktop environment is usually the core of your Linux desktop system for how it looks/feels.

Best desktop environments for Linux distributions:

• KDE

• MATE

• GNOME

• Cinnamon

• Budgie

• LXQt

• Xfce

• Deepin

GNOME, KDE, Pantheon, Deepin Desktop in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

Overview: Command line arguments (also known as positional parameters) are the arguments specified at the command prompt with a command or script to be executed. The locations at the command prompt of the arguments as well as the location of the command, or the script itself, are stored in corresponding variables in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

The ls command writes to standard output the contents of each specified Directory or the name of each specified File, along with any other information you ask for with the flags. If you do not specify a File or Directory, the ls command displays the contents of the current directory in colt steele, rhcsa, ubuntu, red hat, shell script, redhat.

'pwd' stands for 'Print Working Directory'. As the name states, command 'pwd' prints the current working directory or simply the directory user is, at present in linux system administration, linux server administration, linux server, ubuntu

man command in Linux is used to display the user manual of any command that we can run on the terminal in Unix, bash, bash script, emacs

Use the cd command to move from your present directory to another directory in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali

Type the cat command followed by the file or files you want to add to the end of an existing file in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

echo command in linux is used to display line of text/string that are passed as an argument in colt steele, rhcsa, ubuntu, red hat, shell script, redhat, LINUX

In computing, more is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

Use the Unix head command to read the first few lines of an input file and send them to standard output (that is, your terminal screen) in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

Crack open a terminal window and navigate to a directory containing one or more text files that you want to view. Then run the command less filename, where filename is the name of the file you want to view in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell.

To look at the last few lines of a file, use the tail command. tail works the same way as head: type tail and the filename to see the last 10 lines of that file, or type tail -number filename to see the last number lines of the file in in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

What Does Global-Regular-Expression-Print (GREP) Mean? Global regular expression and print (GREP) is a command line text search utility used in Unix. The "grep" command searches files or standard input for lines that match a given regular expression. It then prints the matching lines to the program's standard output in in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,

uname (short for unix name) is a computer program in Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems that prints the name, version and other details about the current machine and the operating system running on it in in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,.

Redirection is a feature in Linux such that when executing a command, you can change the standard input/output devices in in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell,.

Pipes are used to give the output of a command as input to another command, e.g. ls | grep file.txt in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Linux distributions. It is maintained by the Linux Foundation. The latest version is 3.0, released on 3 June 2015.

Linux distributions (and other operating systems) can voluntarily conform to the FHS. The Freedesktop.org project, with its XDG Base Directory Specification, introduced variables to make a computer's file system hierarchy configurable, for users in linux, kali linux, linux administration

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To change directory permissions in Linux, use the following:

• chmod +rwx filename to add permissions.

• chmod -rwx directoryname to remove permissions.

• chmod +x filename to allow executable permissions.

• chmod -wx filename to take out write and executable permissions.

To create a directory in MS-DOS or the Windows command line (cmd), use the md or mkdir MS-DOS command in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell.
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The touch command allows us to update the timestamps on existing files and directories as well as creating new, empty files.

In this guide, we will show you how to use the touch command through practical examples and detailed explanations of the most common command options in colt steele, rhcsa, ubuntu, red hat, shell script, redhat

To remove a directory and all its contents, including any subdirectories and files, use the rm command with the recursive option, -r in colt steele, rhcsa, ubuntu, red hat, shell script, redhat, linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali.

To move files, use the mv command (man mv), which is similar to the cp command, except that with mv the file is physically moved from one place to another, instead of being duplicated, as with cp in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali.

Finding files by name is probably the most common use of the find command in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali.

The cut command in UNIX is a command for cutting out the sections from each line of files and writing the result to standard output in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali

To change both the owner and the group of a file use the chown command followed by the new owner and group separated by a colon ( : ) with no intervening spaces and the target file in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali

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You use the ifconfig command to manually assign IP addresses to interfaces and to manually configure interface parameters. In addition, Oracle Solaris startup scripts run ifconfig to configure pseudo interfaces, such as 6to4 tunnel endpoints in ubuntu linux server, ubuntu server, ubuntu linux, server, linux server, linux administration, linux basics, nagios

A DHCP lease is a temporary assignment of an IP address to a device on the network. When using DHCP to manage a pool of IP addresses, each client served on the network is only “renting” its IP address in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali
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How do I use the systemctl command to view status of a systemd service on Linux operating systems?
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User management can be done in three ways on a Linux system. Graphical tools are easy and suitable for new users, as it makes sure you'll not run into any trouble in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali
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There is a wide range of Linux distributions to choose from when learning and working with Linux. When you are first learning Linux, the distribution you choose to learn may depend on how you plan to apply your Linux skills. If you are pursuing a career in cybersecurity, you may select a different Linux distribution to start with than someone pursuing a career in game development, for instance. Online courses are some of the best resources for beginners to Linux, as they will give guidance on which Linux distribution is a good fit for the intended application of Linux. For beginners, a few of the most highly recommended Linux distributions include Elementary OS, Ubuntu Linux, and Ubuntu Budgie. Other distributions that are considered easy to learn and master are Linux Mint, Zorin OS, Nitrux, Kodachi, Rescatux, and Parrot Security.

How to Add a User to Linux

1. Log in as root.

2. Use the command useradd "name of the user" (for example, useradd roman)

3. Use su plus the name of the user you just added to log on.

4. "Exit" will log you out.
   

The core component of any operating system is called the kernel. Linux’s core is simply referred to as the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a single program that manages crucial tasks such as allocating memory, communicating software functions to the computer’s CPU, and comprehending all of the input and output from the computer’s hardware. The kernel is the most important part of an OS and often runs in a separate area from the rest of a computer’s software. The kernel is just one part of a full operating system, which includes a combination of components such as the bootloader, init system, graphical server, desktop environment, and more. The name “Linux” can refer to both the kernel itself (the Linux kernel) and an operating system built around that kernel. For example, the Android OS and the Ubuntu distribution are both made using the Linux kernel.

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The process is a program in execution. The process is created when a command is to be executed so, it can be called a running instance of a program in execution in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali
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Two commands will be explained in this guide: ‘ps‘ and ‘top‘. Both of these should be in a standard Linux installation.

How to Kill a Process from the Command Line? ( Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell )

Contemporary distributions of Linux-based operating systems install software in pre-compiled packages, which are archives that contain binaries of software, configuration files, and information about dependencies. Furthermore, package management tools keep track of updates and upgrades so that the user doesn’t have to hunt down information about bug and security fixes in Linux, Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell.

In this lesson, you are going to learn How to recover deleted files with foremost on Linux and Linux Certification, Linux Administration, Linux Security, Linux Kernel, Linux Command Line, Kali Linux, Embedded Linux, Comand Line, Bash Shell

In this lecture, you are going to learn a Linux repository.
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The apt command is a powerful command-line tool, which works with Ubuntu’s Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) performing such functions as installation of new software packages, upgrade of existing software packages, updating of the package list index, and even upgrading the entire Ubuntu system.

In this lecture, you are going to learn How to Install Software from Source Code in ubuntu linux server, ubuntu server, ubuntu linux, server, linux server, linux administration, linux basics, nagios.

How To Use Top, Netstat, Du, & Other Tools to Monitor Server Resources in linux, kali linux, linux administration, linux command line, kali

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